In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health,...

In low- and middle-income countries, people need water for drinking, personal hygiene and other domestic use. But they also use it for livestock, horticulture, irrigation, fisheries, brickmaking, and other small-scale enterprises. Multiple-use water services (MUS) are best suited to meeting...

AB Provision of irrigation has been thought to be crucial in improving the livelihoods of millions of tribals in Central belt of India, who are locked in perpetual poverty. Green Revolution Technology, which has been at the heart of Indiaٳ agricultural development, has more or less bypassed the...

Historically, long-term agreements offer an upfront payment as opposed to a series of annual payments. Past research suggests that public preferences for upfront payments are greater than the present-value sum of a series of annual payments. If this condition holds, then program costs can be...

The eco-efficiency index (EEI) framework has been used to determine economically and environmentally optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates for some pollutants (such as greenhouse gas emissions) for selected agricultural production systems. However, previous EEI applications have...

• The question of optimal fertilizer intensity has a long history and is still relevant from several perspectives. • While it is obvious that the optimal input use contributes to economic benefits for the farmer, understanding the economically optimal use of nitrogen fertilizer may help to...

Pudrición del Cogollo (PC) is a major threat to the Colombian oil palm industry. This article develops a forestry model to obtain the optimal control strategy and optimal moment of replanting after PC attacks. Three cases are considered: a benchmark consisting of an oil palm field with no PC...