policy choices do not matter for per capita economic growth. However, they do matter for output volatility and the medium …-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with lower output volatility while greater exchange rate … stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a country holds international reserves (IR) at a higher …

the associations of growth level, growth volatility, shocks, institutions, and macroeconomic fundamentals have changed in …, including global growth, global oil prices, and global financial volatility. After accounting for the effects global shocks, we … rate flexibility, education attainment, and lack of political polarization reduce the volatility of economic growth …