sophisticated products; and (ii) whether education helps reduce path-dependence, or to develop comparative advantage in … of the quality and quantity of education that a country's workforce possesses. We find, first, that, over this period … to approach new products. Second, there is strong evidence consistent with the view that education helps reduce this path …

urbanization. We also find positive and significant effects of industrialization and education on urbanization, consistent with the …

We provide the first evidence that low- and middle-income countries with high education levels were more successful in … of target products to these countries' exports, education appears unimportant for developing comparative advantage in … products that are intrinsically complex or education intensive. These results are supported by analysis of the evolution of …