assumptions about international carbon markets and mitigation timing, with costs for 2°C scenarios doubling in the absence of … carbon trade, and increasing the later that mitigation is initiated. Under the 2°C scenarios, annual average energy supply … investments are about $300 billion above the BAU levels through 2050. Mitigation policy may substantially reduce air pollution …

Asia-and a substantial rise in renewable energy. The cost of the transition can be relatively low if mitigation efforts are …