's changing structure of trade, FDI and economy that underlay policy changes. We argue that until the late 1990s Japan adopted a …-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) on the one hand and on the bilateral trade relationship with the US on the other. Although the … Japan-US bilateralism sometimes resulted in “managed trade” and encountered negative perceptions of the US approach in Japan …

The global economic crisis has affected the East Asian economies via trade and investment. The export-led model which … Europe to regional and domestic demand. Regional trade integration has been market-led through production networks and … foreign direct investment (FDI). Since the proliferation of bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements (FTA) and …