In recent years, extreme shocks (such as natural disasters) have increased in both frequency and intensity. Consequently, many cities have experienced significant economic losses. Quantifying the economic cost to local businesses after extreme shocks is important for postdisaster assessment and...

There are multidimensional short- and long-term impacts of disasters (natural and man-made) on human well-being. Despite this, restitution strategies have predominantly relied on asset-based approaches to measure disaster losses and craft such strategies. There is a growing realization that for...