War is an exogenous shock – allowing opportunities for vast changes in the political landscape or solidifying changes … underway. War played a significant role as a catalyst that moved France (and then other countries in Europe) toward citizen … armies in the nineteenth century. This was an important military change, but it also proved important for democracy. The …

Do commercial interests favor peace? Or, does war bring profits to select industries? Such questions are critical to a … variety of theories about interstate and intrastate war. At the same time, a large literature contends that economic … relevant to both literatures: do economic interests affect public opinion about war? In this paper, I address this question by …

capabilities with the end of Cold War made possible a change from realist to liberal strategies. In the benign environment of the …

divinely blessed destiny was to lead the world to greater freedom and democracy (Lipset, Smith, Ignatieff). This constructed … Acts to suppress dissent, the Palmer Raids to suppress the American left in the World War I era, the internment of innocent … Japanese-Americans during World War II, McCarthyism and the suppression of free speech during the Cold War, support for various …

the First Opium War in 1839 and the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949. The events of this period dealt an intense shock …

The importance of democratization in Africa heighted at the end of the Cold War while also making aid flow a salient …