Transnational institutions, such as the Global Compact and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs), commit multinational companies to human rights and social standards on a voluntary basis. The governance literature has identified a credible ‘shadow of hierarchy' cast by a...

Eastern enlargement has been celebrated as the success story of the "transformative power of Europe”. Indeed, accession to the EU significantly reinforced the processes of democratic transition and socio-economic modernization in Central and Eastern Europe. So it had for Spain and Portugal 20...