While he was managing partner and chair of Arthur Andersen in the l950s and 1960s, Leonard Spacek was an outspoken critic of public accounting, complaining about its failure to establish a coherent set of objectives for financial statements, its illogical principles and methods, and its...

The origin of the statutory audits of joint stock companies in Japan can be traced back to the Commercial Code of 1890 (CC) when audits by appointed individuals who served within the company as corporate auditors were established. These CC auditors, selected by shareholders, sought to protect...