The traditional Medicare fee-for-service program may be able to purchase clinical laboratory test services at a lower cost through competitive bidding. Demonstrations of competitive bidding for clinical laboratory tests have been twice mandated or authorized by Congress but never implemented....

The paper overviews the current marketing system in crop markets in Sudan; introduces the concept of crop auction markets in a Sudanese context and searches for reasons why these transaction systems are not widely adopted in its agricultural markets. The paper examines the probable role and...