The grain shipping industry is highly competitive and has become technically advanced during the past decade. These changes, along with the introduction of innovative shipping mechanisms, have made logistics management an important source of opportunity and risk for grain shippers. A stochastic...

European Union (EU) traceability requirements impose added costs and risks on suppliers. A stochastic simulation model is developed to determine optimal testing strategies and marginal costs to conform to EU traceability requirements for exports of non-genetically modified (non-GM) wheat from...