Developing countries required under the WTO TRIPs agreement to provide some intellectual property protection for plants are choosing Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR). TRIPs specifies only an “effective sui generis system” without further clarification. This article develops an “effective”...

Pre- and post-release adoption studies for rBST are evaluated for insights into improving ex ante projection methodologies. The conclusion is drawn that user surveys can provide reasonable projections, but the following factors require consideration. The sigmoid curve fits the data well, but the...

International efforts since 1883 to harmonize patent protection are described and evaluated. Substantial progress has been made in streamlining application processes and in standardizing the scope of protection. Significant gaps remain in (1) the opportunity to publicize an invention before...

Cattle kill floor operations were analyzed using sample data to determine the impacts of unionism on productivity at the plant level. No significant union effect either negative or positive was found, possibly because of the limited union role in setting wages and the wide variation in personnel...