There are concerns about emissions of plant protection products (PPP) from protected cultivations, including high-tech production systems. Modern high-tech greenhouse horticulture is performed in cropping systems with closed water and nutrient loops, so PPP residues are not leaked to the...

Because of the lack of high-quality water and the potential pollution of groundwater by leached nutrients, recirculation of nutrient solutions for greenhouse production is now unavoidable. Although closed growing systems offer several advantages from an environmental standpoint, the risk of...