In this article, a nonparametric approach is used to incorporate risk into the measurement of technical efficiencies of the major financial intermediaries in rural Taiwan. Risk is treated as a joint but undesirable output given the fact that various regulatory actions may prevent its free...

Mathematical programming models can incorporate multiple objectives. Shadow prices in such models reflect a mixture of all of the objectives. A procedure is implemented to develop decomposed shadow prices applicable to the individual objectives. The procedure is demonstrated in a GAMS...