In 1998 the Norwegian government introduced a program that increased parents' incentives to stay home with children … under the age of three. Many eligible children had older siblings, and we investigate how this program affected long …

data set. In particular, this alternative estimator allows us to exploit the information on children with no siblings in … fixed effects estimation. We obtain modest but significant effects of fetal growth rate on math and reading scores, with the …

We investigate how mother’s employment during childhood affects long term child outcomes. We utilize rich longitudinal … family types. We compare sibling differences in families where the mother enters the labor force when the children are older … out of the labor force during the entirety of her children’s adolescent years. Our identification strategy is, therefore …

(CEL) of 1997, and the differentiation in its implementation across regions, as instruments for schooling of young mothers … education of mothers increases the probability of completing the full course of DPT and Hepatitis B vaccinations for their … children. Furthermore, education increases the age of first marriage and birth, changes women's and their spouse's labour …

In this paper, we provide estimates of the subjectively perceived cost of children depending on the extent of parental … with children in Germany. Our study confirms that the monetary cost of children is substantial and increases with parental … sizeable for families with children. …

causes adult daughters with young children to work half an hour less. Daughters without children, with older children and … penalty. Test score effects are positive for children aged 4-7 (substitution from grandparental to maternal care), and … negative for children aged 11-12 (substitution from grandparental to formal childcare). …