This text first of all provides a basic introduction to calculating the expected value of investments (§ 2). Secondly, it aims to illustrate how the investment decision can change if the investment is made through a limited liability company (§ 3). The key characteristic of limited liability...

This chapter examines the ways in which the European Union (EU) has reacted to panel and Appellate Body Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The rejection of direct effect of WTO law and jurisprudence by the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) left to the EU's political organs...

Emerging technologies, such as AI systems, distributed ledgers, but also private e-commerce and telecommunication platforms have permeated every aspect of our social, economic, political relations. Various bodies of the state, from education, via law enforcement to healthcare also increasingly...

As a result of the global lockdown, countries around the globe are now facing multiple crises at the same time: a health crisis, a financial crisis, and a collapse in commodity prices, which all interact in complex ways. As a reaction governments and policymakers are providing unparalleled...

In order to facilitate NCAs in their application of EU competition rules, the EU legislator adopted Directive 2019/1/EU. The Directive’s aim is to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers of competition law and to ensure the proper functioning of...

Postal services play a vital role in people’s life across the EU and affordable and reliable postal services are essential to realize the EU’s Digital Single Market. The liberalization of the postal sector and the establishment of a single market for postal services in the EU has been...