The European Commission adopted the new ADR Directive with an aim to create an additional, attractive stairway to consumer justice. As such, the ADR Directive intends to encourage more consumers to invoke their consumer rights and thus strengthen consumer law enforcement. However, in order to...

The new Consumer Rights Directive introduced some changes to the level of consumers' protection online. However, just like with its predecessor the Distance Selling Directive the main focus of the protection that consumers have been granted online rests in providing them with transparent and...

On 9 December 2015, the European Commission submitted a proposal for a directive for contracts for online and other distance sales of goods, and a proposal for a directive on digital content. This paper discusses the scope of the proposals, conformity and remedies, and matters regarding the...

In this paper it is argued that in order to be effective, the Optional Instrument’s scope should be as broad as possible. This implies it should be available to both cross-border and domestic contracts, both to B2B- and B2C-contracts, and substantively it should deal with both general contract...