This paper explores the current place of Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (right to an effective remedy) in European private law and assesses whether this provision could form the basis of a judge-made European law on remedies. In order to make this assessment, first, the...

From a law-and-economics perspective, the European Commission's proposal for the introduction of an optional Common European Sales Law (CESL) has been criticized for over-regulating consumer sales law in Europe and for being likely to yield more costs than benefits. In defense of CESL, it is...

Dutch Abstract: In Nederland gevestigde ondernemingen maken op verschillende manieren gebruik van buitenlandse chauffeurs voor het verrichten van (inter)nationaal transport over de weg. Soms wordt gebruik gemaakt van speciale arbeidsrelaties zoals uitzendarbeid en collegiale inleen, soms wordt...

In this paper, I explore the debate on cross-border posting of workers in the EU from the perspective of ‘(dis)embeddedness'. Posting of workers profoundly challenges the embedding of the labour relationship itself and the market on which the work is performed. In this contribution I will...

The European Commission adopted the new ADR Directive with an aim to create an additional, attractive stairway to consumer justice. As such, the ADR Directive intends to encourage more consumers to invoke their consumer rights and thus strengthen consumer law enforcement. However, in order to...

This paper discusses the regulation of mass metadata surveillance in Europe through the lens of the landmark judgment in which the Court of Justice of the European Union struck down the Data Retention Directive. The controversial directive obliged telecom and Internet access providers in Europe...

Balance sheets are often seen as technical, boring financial statements. Understanding the working of a balance sheet is, however, key to understanding how companies are financed. This article first of all provides a basic introduction to the working of a balance sheet. It explains how the...

On 9 December 2015, the European Commission submitted a proposal for a directive for contracts for online and other distance sales of goods, and a proposal for a directive on digital content. This paper discusses the scope of the proposals, conformity and remedies, and matters regarding the...

Online commerce experienced a technological revolution, shifting towards automated, data-driven technologies for the allocation and display of offers and advertisings. The introduction of tracking and targeting technologies that leverage consumer data to personalize marketing catalysed the...

The new Consumer Rights Directive introduced some changes to the level of consumers' protection online. However, just like with its predecessor the Distance Selling Directive the main focus of the protection that consumers have been granted online rests in providing them with transparent and...