This paper discusses the determinants of three alternative measures of innovative output by looking at firm's own formal R&D activities and at the acqusition of external technology (TA) in its embodied and disembodied components. These input-output relationships are also discussed by...

A set of U.S.-based companies is investigated regarding the effectiveness of intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) in the formation of research partnerships. Patents are the most frequently used IPPM to protect both background and foreground knowledge in partnerships. Other IPPMs...

This study explicitly takes into account that the decision to enter into an external R&D relationship is related to an antecedent decision to carry out R&D. This calls for a methodological approach that, at the same time, permits the joint analysis of the determinants of the two decisions and...