The Australian telecommunications sector is being improved and extended through substantial recent investment in intelligent technology such as digital switching, fibre optics, satellite and cellular transmission, and the Internet. These technologies are being progressively integrated with...

We consider the response of both nominal and real commodity prices on world markets to real and nominal shocks by hypothesizing that nominal shocks can permanently affect nominal commodity prices, but can have only temporary effects on real commodity prices. Real shocks, in contrast, can have...

This article examines the dynamic relationships among output, carbon emission and renewable energy generation of India and China during the period 1972 to 2011 using a multivariate vector error correction model (VECM). The results for India reveal unidirectional short-run causality from carbon...

This article, empirically examines the dynamic causal link between business research and development (R&D) expenditures and trade performance in Australia. Based on cointegration and error-correction modelling, Granger causality tests, variance decomposition and impulse response functions are...