The analysis of this paper, with pooled data for 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 1971-1991, indicates that nominal devaluations are effective in inducing permanent depreciations in the real exchange rate (RER). A 10% nominal devaluation of the domestic currency (expressed in units per...

We estimate the effect of four types of education qualifications, as a proxy for human capital and skill levels, on GDP per capita, and compute the average percentage returns. We also test the effect of the product of each proxy of human capital with R&D on GDP per capita. We find that only...