The Euler equation model is used to determine the fraction of consumers who are liquidity constrained in ten Asian developing countries. Our estimates of the fraction of liquidity constrained consumers range between 0.5 and 0.9. We further investigate whether financial liberalization has...

The mean variance efficiency (MVE) of a portfolio of international bonds and equities is tested using a CAPM model of excess returns. The conditional variances and covariances of the portfolio returns are allowed to time-vary according to shocks in up to three global macro-economic variables...