Banking competition induces an efficient outcome but may also induce risk-taking behaviour that reduces solvency. This study examines the relationship between efficiency and solvency in banking at the empirical level. The empirical findings support that greater efficiency with respect to a...

Cost-reducing R&D activities are examined in the context of a retail banking sector where some entities exhibit an expense preference. The results reveal that the effects from R&D interact with the effects in the previous literature in shaping the equilibrium configuration.