This paper uses data on 11 EU countries to explain cross-national differences in internal migration rates. It is found that 89% of the variance in gross migration in current member states can be explained by variations in employment protection, international migration, the share of ownership...

Cross-border commuters from EU15 countries have lower over- but higher undereducation rates than noncommuters. For cross-border commuters from the NMS12 countries the opposite applies. Within-country commuters have lower over- but higher undereducation rates than noncommuters in both regions.