Improvements in the building stock insulation and the replacement of heating systems will have to take place within the next decades in order to lower heat demand and the associated carbon emissions of the building sector. The current study presents an integrated, iterative modelling approach to...

A tool for long-term optimization of cogeneration systems is developed that is based on mixed integer linear-programming and Lagrangian relaxation. We use a general approach without heuristics to solve the optimization problem of the unit commitment problem and load dispatch. The possibility to...