Biomass can be converted to liquid product for fuels and for chemicals by hydrothermal treatment. A method for further treatment of the liquid product much depends on the composition determination, and therefore analysis of the liquid product is important. The much water makes the analysis...

The state of Punjab (India) is divided into six agro-climatic zones, viz, sub-mountainous undulating zone, undulating zone, undulating plain zone, central plain zone, western zone and flood plain zone. Because of the associated vast changes in agro-climatic conditions, the distribution of energy...

The energy-ratio (output energy to input energy ratio) and specific energy (input energy to yield ratio denoted by MJ/kg) of farmers in crop production systems are indices, which can define the efficiency and performance of farms. Technical efficiency (weighted output energy to weighted input...

Modern farming has become very energy intensive. Nowadays cropping pattern, farm activities and level of technology define the energy requirements. Energy needs are not only increasing in the agricultural sector, but in all sectors involving human activities. There is a great need to balance the...