In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed for a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. A number of quadratic equations are employed to determine the engine fuel-rate with respect to battery power. The problem is solved by using quadratic programming and simulated annealing method...

Accurate estimations of battery parameter and state play an important role in promoting the commercialization of electric vehicles. This paper tries to make three contributions to the existing literatures through advanced time scale separation algorithm. (1) A lumped parameter battery model was...