This study investigates the effects of the market portfolio being unknown on the estimation of beta in the CAPM. Providing an analysis of the impact of using a proxy for the market portfolio when the market portfolio is known. This allows one to ask and answer 'if what' questions, such as if...

This article investigates the modelling of style returns in the United States and the returns to style 'tilts' based on forecasts of enhanced future style returns. We use hidden Markov model to build our forecasts for data from 1975 to 1998. We do not include more recent observations as the...

This study introduces GARCH models with cross-sectional market volatility, which are called GARCHX models. The cross-sectional market volatility is a special case of common heteroscedasticity in asset specific returns, which is suggested by Connor and Linton (2001) as an important component in...

By carefully choosing a data-generating process and appropriate distributional assumptions, we formulate a nested econometric model to examine how many equities are explained well by the downside beta or a general asymmetric response model rather than the conventional capital asset pricing model...