Trade elasticity is a crucial parameter in evaluating the welfare impacts of changes in trade frictions. The value of … bilateral applied tariffs for each product category for the universe of available country pairs over the 2001 to 2016 period. We …

multiple channels to energy shocks, even though electricity and gas bills represent a very small share of their total costs … pass-through the cost shock fully on their export prices. Their production, exports and employment fall. A consequence of … most energy intensive firms. We also find that the impact of electricity shocks has weakened over time, suggesting that …