We use data on refugees admitted to the Netherlands that include registration of education in their homeland by … them to assess effects on refugees' economic position during the first five years after arrival. The most remarkable …

suggest that immigration exhibits negative effects on native employment and wages, and has no effects on total employment …. Imports affect employment negatively and exports have a positive effect on wages. The German results indicate that immigration … and trade is not harming employment and wages. Natives seem to be complements to migrants, at least to those from East …