-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that village cadres, who are the lowest level of administrators in rural … and non-cadre households in rural China without controlling for unobserved dimensions of ability that are also correlated … who is a cadre. Given the increasing returns to non-agricultural employment since China's economic reforms began, it is …

schoolchildren in rural China. Although we find evidence of positive overall CAL program effects on academic outcomes, when we …