ecclesiastical conflicts shows that religous fractionalization likely has negative effects on economic growth. -- Conflict ; religion … ultimate determinants of conflict. However, fractionalization in all its demographic forms is endogenous in the long run. In … the relationship between fractionalization and the propensity of internal conflict statistically insignificant. Finally …

military conquests in Europe significantly reduced intra-European feuds. -- cooperation ; conflict ; religion ; institutions …This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat … rivals of a different affiliation. The overall patterns of conflict in continental Europe as well as those between the …

We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election. We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …

dominated. -- social institutions ; Malthus ; social stability ; economic development …

fragmentation and conflict on international trafficking through internal and international displacements. -- ethnic fragmentation … ; conflict ; displaced persons ; human trafficking …

When do opposition groups decide to mount a terrorism campaign and when do they enter an open civil conflict against … the ruling government? This paper models an opposition group's choice between peace, terrorism, and open conflict …. Terrorism emerges if executive constraints are intermediate and rents are sizeable. Open conflict is predicted to emerge under …

A considerable body of empirical evidence indicates that conflict affects reproductive behaviour, often resulting in an … about the effect of peace in a post-conflict setting. This study explores how the external provision of security affects …

contest the extent of institutional ethnic bias. The contest yields the per-period relative influence over institutions, which … partly spills over into the next period, by affecting relative conflict efficiency. Our model generates non …-monotone evolution of both conflict and distribution. Results suggest that external interventions, when effective in reducing current …