unemployment on voting behaviour. We construct an instrument for unemployment based on the city-level exposure to foreign weak … banks. We find that a one standard deviation increase in instrumented unemployment translates into a 7 percentage increase …

country has experienced since the Great Depression. The unemployment rate reached as high as 10.1 percent in October 2009 … those in the past by examining worker flows into and out of unemployment taking into account changes in the demographic … results indicate that the increase in the unemployment rate is driven to a larger extent by the lack of hiring (low outflows …

According to a widespread view, Germany's unemployment crisis is caused by rigid labour markets, low profitability and … Germany's unemployment rate since 1989, first because no distinction is drawn between the situation in the Eastern part of … negotiations. The unification shock to the East added at least 2.5 percentage points to Germany's overall unemployment rate, as …