sociopolitical institutions because they (a) involve a strong degree of increasing returns to scale and the natural monopoly powers …

ultimate determinants of conflict. However, fractionalization in all its demographic forms is endogenous in the long run. In … the relationship between fractionalization and the propensity of internal conflict statistically insignificant. Finally …

We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election.We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We find … that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict by …

capture conservative or progressive values in addition to the cultural characteristics language and religion. Catholic … sociocultural characteristics qualifies the role of religion for educational production. The evidence suggests that Catholicism is …

fragmentation and conflict on international trafficking through internal and international displacements …

contest the extent of institutional ethnic bias. The contest yields the per-period relative influence over institutions, which … partly spills over into the next period, by affecting relative conflict efficiency. Our model generates non …-monotone evolution of both conflict and distribution. Results suggest that external interventions, when effective in reducing current …

country is closely related to geo-climatological conditions and exogenous to civil conflict. The findings document that a … unfavorable environment in terms of disease richness is an important determinant of the incidence of civil conflict. The results …

, which experienced a ten year long civil conflict of varying intensity. Our difference-in-differences analysis shows that … women in villages affected by civil conflict increased their actual and desired fertility during the conflict by 22 percent … was the main pathway leading to reduced child height, as opposed to direct impacts of the conflict. This likely occurred …

the economic causes and consequences of the conflict in Punjab, which has been classified as a civil war and also an …. Finally, I consider the macro and microeconomic effects of the conflict in Punjab that affected every walk of life and perhaps …