We use a data set of federal corruption convictions in the U.S. to investigate the causes and consequences of … corruption. More educated states, and to a less degree richer states, have less corruption. This relationship holds even when we … today. The level of corruption is weakly correlated with the level of income inequality and racial fractionalization, and …

was checkered with political scandal and widespread corruption that would not seem unusual compared with the most corrupt … developing nation today. We construct a "corruption and fraud index" using word counts from a large number of newspapers for 1815 … corruption from 1870 to 1920, particularly from the late-1870s to the mid-1880s and again in the 1910s. At its peak in the 1870s …

for public ownership came from corruption then associated with private ownership of utilities and public transportation … the firm's available cash, public firms may lead to less corruption. Public ownership is also predicted to create …

charged language in the half century after 1870.From 1870 to 1920, when corruption appears to have declined significantly … seems a reasonable hypothesis that the rise of the informative press was one of the reasons why the corruption of the Gilded …

that high amenity cities have grown faster than low amenity cities. Urban rents have gone up faster than urban wages …