institutions. The euro has operated as a currency without a state, under the dominance of Germany. This has so far allowed the euro … to achieve a number of design objectives, and this may continue, as long as Germany does not shirk its growing … responsibility for the euro's future. Germany's resilience and dominant size within the EU may explain its "muddling …

effect on innovation. We develop a simple "trapped factor" model of innovation that is consistent with these empirical …

-run growth by increasing the profit from innovation. In the short run, factors of production must be reallocated inside firms …, which lowers the opportunity cost of innovation, generating an additional trapped factor effect. Starting from a baseline …