productivity or not. It distinguishes between establishments that are covered by collective bargaining or not. Results from a … framework that point to high positive effects of works councils on productivity. …

While the role of exports in promoting growth in general, and productivity in particular, has been investigated … at the firm level been used to look at the extent and causes of productivity differentials between exporters and their …, while exporting does not necessarily improve productivity. …

face a fall in output, mark-ups and profits, and average industry productivity increases due to a selection effect. These …

-exporters. However, many firms from the lower end of the productivity distribution are exporters. Germany is a case in point. A recent … study reports that these low-productivity exporters are not marginal exporters defined according to the share of exports in … exports is much higher among exporters from the lower end of the productivity distribution than among highly productive …

-exporters. It is argued that this exporter-productivity premium is due to extra cost of exporting that can be covered profitably by … than non-exporting firms from the same 4-digit industry both on average and over the whole productivity distribution …. However, many firms from the lower end of this distribution are exporters. This paper report that these low-productivity …