Reviews the evidence on early-industrial height cycles and shows why the economic transition put downward pressure on the nutritional status of the European and American populations.

Examines the height of Georgian convicts and concludes that their height declined beginning with the birth cohorts of 1835. The economic transition brought about a decline in their nutritional status.

Argues that the examination in the secular change in nominal interest rates is not sufficient to understand the complexities of grain-storage dynamics in Medieval Europe.