International fragmentation has developed dramatically in East Asia since the 1990s. The purpose of the present paper is to measure border barriers in transactions of intermediate goods in East Asian countries. We find that the barriers in each country have steadily declined since 1985. The...

It is well established in the published literature that international fragmentation has dramatically developed in East Asia since the 1990s, particularly in machinery industries, including general machinery, electric machinery, transport equipment and precision machinery. However, how far has...

type="main" <p>In this paper we examine the role of investment promotion agencies (IPA) in promoting outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from Japan and Korea. Looking at two home countries enables us to control for both country-pair time-invariant characteristics and host-country time-varying...</p>