Two rules for optimizing economic growth are applied to the United States and Germany. One application is to test both against the Golden Rule of Capital Accumulation, and the other is to measure social investment in the sciences and humanities against Euler’s equation. Copyright International...

Fluctuations in domestic product and balance of payments are treated as Markov processes in discrete time instead of as deterministic paths. Emphasis is on the case when movements are in probability away from steady-state paths until they reach some barrier. The initiating disturbances are...