The rapid journey from central planning to EU (euro area) membership stress-tested the social learning processes of the … EU, spurred major reform waves and led to the very rapid introduction of best-practice institutions. Although social … institutions played a dominant role in shaping the transition process. Along with the EU accession process, the EU acted as a …

Starting on 1 May 2004, 11 countries in Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and in the Baltics (EU11) joined the … European Union (EU) in three consecutive waves. Half a generation later, and a full generation after the start of transition in …

This chapter looks into the impact of EU membership on the carbon intensity of EU11 economies since joining the EU. EU … membership boosted foreign trade and FDI, leading to a rapid re-industrialization of EU11 and making them the fastest converging … group of upper-middle-income countries in the world. Nevertheless, EU11 economies maintained their previously established …