education. The outflow of workers from employment occurs mainly to unemployment, unemployment pensions and disability pensions … general. Unemployment pensioners and disability pensioners also tend to have shorter educational histories than Finnish … security payments. However, at a disaggregated level, disability pensions and unemployment pensions appear as substitutes that …

additional income from working is negligible, and this is said to constitute an ‘unemployment trap’. However, conventional … approach exaggerates significantly the likelihood of unemployment traps, but the presence of children and the age of the …