This paper introduces a concept of organizational ecology. This refers to the organizational field created by a number of organizations, whose interrelations compose a system at the level of the field as a whole. The overall field becomes the object of inquiry, not the single organization as...

This paper reports on aspects of the decision-making process within the management committees of six unions. The following issues are explored: the extent to which a democratic climate prevails within the meetings; the differences and similarities in the experience of large and small unions; and...