When unemployed persons go into business, they often are characterized as necessity entrepreneurs, because push factors …, namely their unemployment, likely prompted their decision. In contrast to this, business founders who have been previously … of nearly 1,900 business start-ups by unemployed persons reveals that both kind of motivation can be observed among these …

can affect the decision to join a trade union. Furthermore, a shift in risk attitudes can alter collective bargaining … that an overall increase in risk aversion contributes to wage moderation and promotes employment. …

extent it is the business cycle or the employment status influencing entry rates into entrepreneurship. Our analysis for … Germany reveals that start-up activities are positively influenced by unemployment rates and that the cyclical component of … of low and high unemployment periods reveals a "low unemployment retard effect". …