In Italy the use of bond covenants is restrained by the predominance of SMEs, the significant role of relationship banking, the high costs related to public placements, the lack of investors‘ financial culture, the low amount of loans normally requested by each firm and the lack of liquidity...

This paper aims to stress the importance of market liquidity for the stability of the financial system, emphasizing the pivotal role played by liquidity risk in the development of the current financial crisis, pointing out the flaws of regulation and supervision and stressing the need for their...

In times of extraordinary financial markets tensions, the Ecb can make use of unconventional monetary policy that are by definition exceptional and temporary in nature. These measures aim to preserve credit flows to the euro area economy and to introduce new liquidity management instruments

Monetary policy actions taken over the past three years were key in preventing a financial meltdown. Empirical evidence suggests that central bank bond purchase programmes were effective in lowering bond yields and supporting economic activity. Nevertheless policymakers also need to bear in mind...

It is the time for rethinking the international institutional framework organization. The financial system is global and the integration of international financial markets must be protected because it is and will be an important developing factor. Institutions had to change in order to make on...

The current great financial crisis points out the weakness of the originate to distribute model based on the definition by the global banks of a selling chain that is opaque, elusive and unsustainable. The reaction to the crisis must be wide and global: de-engineering of financial instruments,...

The liquidity risk is one of the drivers of uncertainty in the banking activities. It could worsen the impact of shocks caused by market instability or temporary lack of customers’ confidence with possible serious consequences on the stability of financial intermediaries, as shown by the...

In the international discussion about the change of the supervisory system, the strength of the approaches defined in Italy must be emphasized. If the model based on the board of statutory auditors could not be exported, some of the main characteristics could be preserved and replicated. The...

Worldwide financial, energetic and food crisis are empowering for the propitious geo-political context in which global and market cultures have failed. The speculation has a key role in the new crises and must be argue by Governments using new instruments. In Italy, the Government try to manage...

In the current scenario M&A activities could not be still considered as extraordinary events. Concentrations choices are not only driven by cost rationalization and profit maximization purpose and today they could be realized in order to specialize the business model, optimize the technology...