This paper looks at the relevance of a central bank's own finances for its policy work. Some central banks are exposed to significant financial risks, partly due to the environment in which they operate, and partly due to the nature of policy actions. While financial exposures and losses do not...

On 24-25 June 2010, the BIS held its Ninth Annual Conference, on "The future of central banking under post-crisis mandates" in Lucerne, Switzerland. The event brought together senior representatives of central banks and academic institutions who exchanged views on this topic. This volume...

Global risk-off shocks can be highly destabilising for financial markets and, absent an adequate policy response, may trigger severe recessions. In Caballero and Kamber (2019), we document that the unconventional policies adopted by the main central banks were effective in containing asset price...

This note discusses FX reserves management as practised by emerging market economies and, more specifically, by Saudi Arabia. It shares the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority's experience on reserve adequacy, investment objectives, philosophy and process, portfolio tranching, risk management and...

Russia introduced its inflation targeting regime in 2015. Subsequently, fiscal policy was changed with a view to reducing the economy's dependence on natural resource prices; these changes are known as “the fiscal rule”. At the same time, a financial stability policy and its instruments were...

Reserve portfolios prior to the Global Financial Crisis provided positive (low) returns for central banks or had extremely low probabilities of earning negative returns. In the wake of the crisis, expansionary monetary policy created a low yield environment at a scale that was never seen before....

The foreign exchange reserves of the Czech National Bank (CNB) increased roughly three and a half times to EUR 124.6 billion while the exchange rate commitment was in place between November 2013 and April 2017. This unprecedented growth has led the CNB to review how the reserves are managed....

Research and experimentation on central bank digital currencies continue to fuel discussion and debate. This BIS paper updates an earlier survey that asked central banks how their plans in this area are developing. The latest responses show emerging market economies reporting stronger...

Recent crises have clearly highlighted the importance of understanding macrofinancial linkages in order to mitigate the build-up of systemic risks to financial and macroeconomic stability, and sustainable economic growth. This note describes the role of macroprudential policy as an integral part...

The hypothetical benefits and risks of central bank digital currencies are being widely discussed. This BIS paper adds to these discussions by taking stock of how progress and plans in this area are developing, based on a global survey of central banks. Responses show that central banks are...