All Annex B parties but Russia, Australia and USA, have ratified the Kyoto Protocol so far. It is still an open … question whether Russia will ratify and secure that the Protocol enters into force. This paper therefore analyzes consequences … Protocol. Environmentally, implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without participation from Russia and Ukraine is obviously …

starting point is the uncertainties about future natural gas exports from Russia and LNG-producing countries. Our results …

Gazprom, the dominant gas company in Russia, is widely believed to be the key supplier of gas to Europe in the …

Russian national welfare. Results show that under the current gas market structures in Europe and Russia, the split-up of … Gazprom's monopoly might not be beneficial for Russia. The market share of Russia in the European market is important in …

natural gas prices have remained below their long-run marginal cost for more than a decade since Russia's movement toward a … introduce netback pricing of natural gas after 2011. Netback pricing refers to the process of equalizing the gas price in Russia … concludes that netback pricing can help Russia to avoid a gas deficit. However, the gas supply in Russia will remain tight until …

A sharp increase in fixed investment has been a key factor supporting Russia's economy in recent years. This brief … highlights the drivers of Russia's recent investment boom. During 2022, the first year of the full-blown war in Ukraine …-intensive branches. Although intellectual property (IP) only represents a small share of Russia's total investment, IP investment has …

Russia has long aimed at reducing its dependency on imported technology. These aspirations intensified after Russia …'s invasion of Ukraine and sanctions restricting Russia's access to foreign technology. We analyze Russian company surveys and a … small sample of product-level statistical data to evaluate recent trends in Russia's import substitution of technology …