Charles Kindleberger once described international financial crises as an “evergreenâ€. Indeed, looking back over the last 400 years it is hard not to get a sense of their regularity or invincible fate. However, the current structural market transformations taking place in the wake of...

The Italian financial system is in a transition period searching for an effective compromise between German-style universal banking and the Anglo-American market-oriented system. This was stimulated by the European Community directives and the modernisation of the Italian finance market. The...

The 'Modus Operandi' of Italian monetary policy which relies on market-based control was radically changed in the '80s and '90s. However, changes still have to be initiated with relation to the banks' compulsory reserve deposits. The Bank of Italy must also be in step with European standards if...

Recent progress towards the construction of the European Union slowed down a little with the exchange rate problems of 1992 and 1993. Central elements in the construction strategy are extending the internal market and building institutions with government functions at the supranational level. A...

I certainly agree with the authors on the main point, which is that flexible exchange rates do not result in an automatic adjustment that brings equilibrium with full employment. What I would argue is that flexible exchange rates, however, may be more advantageous than those fixed and that the...

The new international financial architecture is investigated through the works of leading American economists, the Cologne G7 decisions, the implementing work of the IMF (and the World Bank). However, the Washington-consensus policies and the definition of standards and codes have not avoided...

Luigi Einaudi was a well-known economist in Italy and abroad, a very prolific journalist, a great public figure particularly after the end of the Second World War. As his thoughts and writings were permeated with a solid liberalism, he was keen on looking for constraint on the State's absolute...