English abstract: Access to financing in fixed-income markets enables firms to diversify their sources of financing and reduces their vulnerability, particularly in periods when access to bank credit is restricted. This paper analyses the factors explaining firms’ recourse to capital market...

English Abstract: This document presents the analytical framework recently developed by the Banco de España for the implementation of its macroprudential policy. The methodology described uses a broad set of indicators that enables macroprudential risks to be monitored through risk mapping....

Spanish Abstract:Durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2020, el Banco Central Europeo (BCE) tomó una serie de medidas de política monetaria destinadas a proporcionar apoyo de liquidez al sistema financiero y facilitar el acceso a la financiación a la economía real para mitigar los efectos...

English abstract: This paper analyses the main trends in the private sector’s issuance activity in international capital markets during 2021, a year in which, despite positive developments that resulted in volumes above pre-2020 levels, the record 2020 figures were not achieved. Thus, the...