, the Russian Federation and Ukraine) that did not sign an FTA. Besides, we show that trade growth after the FTA agreement … with the EU was signed exceeded trade growth of the control group of countries which did not become members. …

This paper examines the causality relationship between immigration, unemployment and economic growth of the host … (France, Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom), growth positively causes immigration, whereas in any country, immigration … does not cause growth. …

We make use of a bootstrap panel analysis of causality between energy use and economic growth for a sample of sixteen … African countries over the period 1988-2010. Our results show that growth and energy use are strongly linked in Africa …. However, African countries are heterogeneous and there is no "one way" recommendation about energy-growth relationship that …

This paper offers a reappraisal of the impact of migration on economic growth for 22 OECD countries between 1986 … capital on GDP per capita, and second, a permanent increase in migration ows has a positive effect on productivity growth …. However, the growth impact of immigration is small even in countries that have highly selective migration policies. …

hypothesis. Thus, our findings suggest that not all MENA countries need to sacrifice economic growth to decrease their emission … growth. …